Causes, pathological features, and clinical strategies for managing pleural effusion

Abstract

Pleural effusion, characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid between the pleural layers surrounding the lungs, poses a complex clinical challenge. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted landscape of pleural effusion, delving into its diverse causes, pathological features, and the evolving clinical strategies employed for effective management. The exploration of etiological factors encompasses infectious agents, heart failure, malignancies, and various inflammatory conditions, providing a nuanced understanding of the diverse origins of pleural effusion. Pathological features, including variations in fluid composition, are dissected to elucidate the intricacies of this fluid buildup within the pleural space. The review further navigates the clinical landscape, detailing a spectrum of strategies for managing pleural effusion. From the utilization of diuretics and heart failure medications to more specialized interventions like therapeutic thoracentesis and pleural sclerosis, the discussion underscores the importance of tailored approaches based on the underlying cause and the severity of respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge on the causes, pathological characteristics, and clinical strategies for managing pleural effusion. By providing a holistic perspective, it aims to contribute to the ongoing refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, facilitating improved patient outcomes and paving the way for future advancements in pleural effusion management.