Foreign Body Aspiration as A Rare Cause of Pneumomediastinum and Subcutaneous Emphysema: A Case Report

Abstract

Introduction: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a critical emergency, especially in pediatric patients, due to their anatomical vulnerability. It can lead to serious complications like pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema, which are rare outcomes. This case report discusses the unusual case of a one-year-old child presenting with these conditions after foreign body aspiration. Case Presentation: A one-year-old boy presented with a five-day history of respiratory distress, cough, and swelling in the face, neck, and chest. Initially treated as community-acquired pneumonia, the patient's condition deteriorated with signs of subcutaneous emphysema. Imaging revealed pneumomediastinum and a foreign body in the right main bronchus. A black chickpea was successfully removed using rigid bronchoscopy, resolving the obstruction and associated symptoms. Discussion: This case highlights the rare but severe complications of FBA, such as pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema, which are commonly associated with the Macklin effect. Diagnosis can be delayed, as symptoms often mimic common respiratory infections. Early recognition through imaging and a multidisciplinary approach is crucial for prompt intervention and minimizing morbidity. Conclusion: Foreign body aspiration, though common in children, can lead to rare complications like pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. A high index of suspicion, especially in pediatric patients with nonspecific respiratory symptoms, can facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment, preventing life-threatening outcomes.