A Clinical Study on the Incidence of Complications in Thyroid Surgery

Abstract

Introduction: Thyroid surgery is crucial for treating various thyroid disorders such as benign thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, and malignancies. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, complications persist. This study aims to evaluate the incidence and nature of complications arising from thyroid surgery and identify contributing risk factors.

Methods: Conducted at Rangaraya Medical College, this prospective study involved 25 patients who underwent thyroid surgery over two years. Patients were categorized based on their thyroid condition and underwent hemi-thyroidectomy, total thyroidectomy, or sub-total thyroidectomy. Preoperative assessments included comprehensive medical histories, physical examinations, and necessary laboratory and imaging investigations. Surgeries were performed by experienced endocrine surgeons, and complications were monitored and documented.

Results: The study found that the overall incidence of complications aligns with existing literature. Hemorrhage was a critical yet infrequent complication, occurring in 12% of patients. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury, leading to vocal cord paralysis, was observed in 8% of cases, all transient. The incidence of hypocalcemia was highest following total thyroidectomy (40%), compared to hemi-thyroidectomy (14.2%) and sub-total thyroidectomy (0%). No cases of wound infection or scar hypertrophy were reported. Factors influencing complications included the extent of surgery, surgeon's experience, and patient comorbidities.

Discussion: Total thyroidectomy posed a higher risk for complications, emphasizing the importance of meticulous surgical techniques and intraoperative nerve monitoring. Experienced surgeons demonstrated lower complication rates, underscoring the need for continuous training. Preoperative optimization of patients with comorbidities is crucial. Strategies to mitigate complications include precise dissection, thorough preoperative planning, and structured postoperative care.

Conclusion: This study highlights the need for careful surgical planning, execution, and postoperative management to minimize complications in thyroid surgery. Ongoing education and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential for improving patient outcomes.