The Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Assessing Chronic Kidney Disease Progression

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by declining renal function and increased inflammation. Inflammatory markers, such as Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), play a significant role in monitoring disease progression. This study evaluates the relationship between these markers and kidney function across different stages of CKD.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 160 participants, including 80 CKD patients and 80 healthy controls. CKD patients were classified into stages 3, 4, and 5 based on eGFR levels. Blood samples were collected to measure ADA, CRP, and ESR levels. eGFR was calculated using the MDRD equation. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and Pearson correlation, was performed to compare inflammatory markers between stages and assess their relationship with eGFR.

Results: ADA, CRP, and ESR levels were significantly higher in CKD patients compared to controls. ADA and CRP levels showed a moderate inverse correlation with eGFR, while ESR had the strongest inverse correlation (r = -0.7, p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons revealed significant differences in ADA and CRP between stages 3 and 5 (p = 0.045 and p = 0.018, respectively), while ESR showed significant differences across all stages.

Conclusion: Inflammatory markers, particularly ESR, are closely associated with declining kidney function in CKD patients. These markers could serve as useful indicators of CKD progression, aiding in early detection and monitoring of disease severity.

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Adenosine Deaminase, C-Reactive Protein, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, eGFR, Inflammation, Biomarkers.